... Introduction Teachers are the backbone of the higher education system. The quality of higher education largely depends on the competence, commitment, and continuous professional development of teachers. In the rapidly changing knowledge society, higher education teachers are expected to perform multiple roles such as teaching, research, mentoring, curriculum development, and community engagement. Capacity building of teachers refers to the systematic process of enhancing teachers’ knowledge, skills, attitudes, and professional competencies to meet contemporary academic and societal challenges. Meaning of Capacity Building Capacity building of teachers in higher education means strengthening their professional abilities through training, development programmes, research opportunities, use of technology, and institutional support. It is a continuous process aimed at improving teaching effectiveness, research productivity, leadership skills, and overall academic performance. O...

... Introduction Research is a core function of higher education institutions. It contributes to the creation of new knowledge, development of innovation, and solution of social, economic, and educational problems. Universities are expected not only to disseminate knowledge but also to generate it through systematic research. In India, research in higher education is promoted and regulated by national agencies such as the University Grants Commission (UGC) , Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) , and the Association of Indian Universities (AIU) . However, despite institutional support, research in higher education faces several problems and challenges. Meaning of Research in Higher Education Research in higher education refers to systematic, scientific, and objective inquiry undertaken by universities and colleges to advance knowledge, improve teaching-learning processes, and contribute to national development. It includes basic research, applied research, action rese...

... Introduction Open and Distance Learning (ODL) has emerged as a powerful alternative to the conventional system of education. It provides flexible learning opportunities to a diverse group of learners who are unable to access regular education due to geographical, economic, social, or personal constraints. In India, ODL plays a significant role in promoting access, equity, and lifelong learning. The Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) is the apex institution responsible for the promotion, coordination, and development of the ODL system in the country. Meaning of Open and Distance Learning (ODL) Open and Distance Learning refers to a system of education in which teaching and learning take place without the physical presence of teachers and learners at the same place and time. It is characterized by openness, flexibility, and learner-centeredness. The system allows learners to choose courses, pace of learning, place, and mode of study. Objectives of Open and Distanc...

... Introduction Higher education plays a crucial role in the social, economic, and cultural development of a nation. Universities and colleges contribute to human resource development, research, innovation, and nation-building. For effective functioning and sustainability of higher education institutions, adequate funding and efficient management are essential. Funding ensures availability of resources, while management ensures optimal utilization of these resources to achieve educational goals. Meaning of Funding in Higher Education Funding in higher education refers to the financial resources provided by the government, private bodies, institutions, and other agencies for the establishment, maintenance, and development of universities and colleges. It supports teaching, research, infrastructure, student welfare, and administrative functions. Sources of Funding in Higher Education 1. Government Funding Government is the primary source of funding for public higher education...